基因组常用术语解释

的DNA 片断正确放到染色体相应位置上(Putting sequenced fragments of DNA into their co rrect ch romo somal po sit ions)。细菌人工染色体(BAC, Bacterial artif ic ial chromosome) : 细菌DNA , 可与一个基因组的中等大小DN-断(100 to 300 kb) 剪接, 用来在细菌中扩增基因组DNA 并对基因组DNA 进行测序(bacterial DNA spliced with a medium-sized fragment of a genome (100 to 300 kb) to be amp lified in bacteria and sequenced)。生物信息学(Bio informatics) : 运用计算机技术和统计技术研究遗传信息和其它生物学信息的科学(The study of genetic and other biological info rmat ion using computer and statistical techniques)。BLAST: 在不同生物中, 诸如人类、果蝇或线虫, 鉴别同源基因的一种计算机程序(Acomputer program that identifies homologous genes in different organisms, such as human, fruit fly, or nematode)。厘摩(Centimorgan, cM ) : 遗传图距单位, 通过在同一染色体上两个基因连锁在一起遗传的频率大小而确定(Aunit of genetic distance, determined by how frequently two genes on the same chromosome are inherited together)。着丝粒(Cen tromere) : 染色体的中心区域, 其序列难以测定(The difficult to sequence central region of a chromosome)。编码DNA (Coding DNA) : 转录成蛋白质结构的DNA 序列, 又称外显子(Sequences transcribed into protein st ructures; also called exons)。基序(Con tig) : 一条染色体, 无论是天然的, 还是人工构建的(如细菌人工染色体) , 其相互重叠的已测序片断通过组装而产生的毗邻DNA 序列〔Cont iguous sequence of DNA created by assembling overlapping sequenced fragments of a chromo some (whether natural or artificial, as in BACs) 〕。粘粒(Cosm id) : 来自一种细菌病毒的质粒DNA , 可与一个基因组的小片断DNA (45 kb 或更小) 剪接,用来对基因组DNA 扩增和测序〔DNA from a bacterial virus spliced with a small fragment of a genome(45 kb or less) to be amp lified and sequenced〕。定向测序法(D irected sequenc ing) : 从毗连的染色体片断对DNA 连续测序(Successively sequencing DNA from adjacent st retches of ch romo some)。序列草图(Draft sequence) : 比精确序列(Finished sequence) 精确度低的序列, 其中一些片断或丢失, 或排序错误, 或方向定位错误(Sequence w ith low er accuracy than a finished sequence; some segments are missing or in the wrong order or orientation)。表达序列标签(EST, Expressed sequence tag) : 基因编码区内的一段独特DNA; 对鉴定基因全长非常有用, 可作为作图的界标(a unique st retch of DNA with in a coding region of a gene; useful for identifying full-length genes and as a landmark for mapping)。外显子(Exon) : 一个基因中编码其蛋白组分的DNA 区域; 外显子零星分布在非编码的内含子之间(Region of a genes DNA that encodes a portion of its protein; exons are interspersed with noncoding introns)。精确序列(Fin ished sequence) : 序列中碱基鉴定的误差不超过万分之一, 碱基排序和方向定位正确, 碱基在染色体上排列几乎不存在间隙(Sequence in w h ich bases are ident ified to an accuracy of no more than 1 error in 10, 000 and are placed in the righ to rder and o rientat ion along a chromo some with almostnogaps)。原位荧光杂交(FISH, Fluorescence in s itu hybr idization) : 在染色体上精确定位一段DNA 序列的方法(a method for pinpointing the locat ion of a piece of DNA sequence on a ch romo some)。功能基因组学(Functional genom ics) : 确定基因组中所有基因及其基因产物生物学功能的科学(The study of genomes to determ ine the bio logical funct ion of all the genes and their products)。基因表达(Gene express ion) : 基因中其编码信息首先转变为信使RNA , 然后转变为蛋白质的过程(Conversion of the info rmat ion encoded in a gene first to messenger RNA and then to a protein)。基因预测(Gene prediction) : 基于一段DNA 序列与已知基因同源性程度大小, 根据计算机程序预测可能的基因(Predict ions of possible genes made by a computer program based on how w ell a st retch of DNA sequence matches know n gene sequences)。遗传连锁图谱(Genetic l inkage map) : 染色体上基因与其它区域的相对位置图谱, 通常根据基因座连锁在一起遗传的频率确定(A map of the relat ive po sit ions of genes and other regions on a chromosome,determ ined by how often loci are inherited together)。基因组(Genome) : 一种生物的染色体上全部遗传物质(The ent ire chromosomal genetic material of an organism)。基因组学(Genom ics) : 全面研究基因组中整套基因及其相互作用的科学, 代替了以往对个别基因或蛋白质的研究(The comp rehensive study of w ho le sets of genes and their interact ions rather than single genes or proteins)。同源基因(Homologous genes) : 具有类似的结构和功能的一些基因(Genes w ith sim ilar st ructures and funct ions)。内含子( In tron) : 一个基因中不能翻译形成蛋白质的DNA 区域(Region of a gene’s DNA that is not translated into a protein)。垃圾DNA (Junk DNA) : 基因中不能编码的DNA 片断; 基因组中绝大多数DNA 由这类所谓的垃圾DNA 构成(St retches of DNA that do no t code fo r genes; mo st of the genome consists of so2called junk DNA )。基因座(Locus) : 一个基因或DNA 不同片断在染色体上所处的位置(Chromosomal locat ion of a gene or other piece of DNA )。兆碱基, 千碱基〔Megabase (Mb) , Kilobase (kb) 〕: DNA 长度单位, 分别指含一百万个碱基和一千个碱基(U nits of DNA length equal to 1 m illion bases and 1000 bases, respect ively)。聚合酶链式反应(PCR, Polymerase cha in reaction) : 一种快捷、廉价的扩增DNA 片断的技术(a technique fo r amp lifying a p iece of DNA quick ly and cheaply)。物理图谱(Phys icalmap) : 染色体上间隔排列的可识别标记的位置图谱; 物理图谱也可能是一系列重叠克隆(A map of the locat ions of identifiable markers spaced along the chromosomes; a physicalmap may also be a set of overlapp ing clones)。质粒(Plasm id) : 细菌染色体外独立复制的环状DNA; 人工构建的质粒可插入到细菌DNA 中进行扩增, 以便于测序(Loop of bacterial DNA that rep licates independent ly of the ch romo somes; artificial plasaids can be inserted into bacteria to amp lify DNA for sequencing)。多态性(Polymorphism) : 一个居群内DNA 序列的差异(A variat ion in DNA sequence w ith in a population)。
< 1 > < 2 >

设为首页 | 加入收藏 | 广告服务 | 友情链接 | 版权申明